还原氧化石墨烯/Au复合微电极阵列的制备及光电特性

利用双光束干涉-无掩模光刻技术制备了周期性氧化石墨烯微结构阵列,利用肼蒸气对氧化石墨烯脱氧还原,然后蒸镀超薄Au薄膜制备了还原氧化石墨烯/Au复合微电极阵列(R-GO/Au).对复合电极在可见光波段的透过率和表面电阻进行了表征,结果表明,R-GO/Au复合微电极阵列具有良好的光电特性.将R-GO/Au复合微电极阵列引入到有机太阳电池中作为半透明阳极,器件的光电转化效率可达3.43%.     

Beam delivery system with a non-digitized diffractive beam splitter for laser-drilling of silicon

We report a beam-delivery system consisting of a non-digitized diffractive beam splitter and a Fourier transform lens. The system is applied to the deep-drilling of silicon using a nanosecond pulse laser in the manufacture of inkjet printer heads. In this process, a circularly polarized pulse beam is divided into an array of uniform beams, which are then delivered precisely to the process points. To meet these requirements, the splitter was designed to be polarization-independent with an efficiency>95%. The optical elements were assembled so as to allow the fine tuning of the effective overall focal length by adjusting the wavefront curvature of the beam. Using the system, a beam alignment accuracy of<5 μm was achieved for a 12-mm-wide beam array and the throughput was substantially improved (10,000 points on a silicon wafer drilled in ~1 min). This beam-delivery scheme works for a variety of laser applications that require parallel processing.     

Fast tensor method for summation of long‐range potentials on 3D lattices with defects

In this paper, we present a method for fast summation of long‐range potentials on 3D lattices with multiple defects and having non‐rectangular geometries, based on rank‐structured tensor representations. This is a significant generalization of our recent technique for the grid‐based summation of electrostatic potentials on the rectangular L × L × L lattices by using the canonical tensor decompositions and yielding the O(L) computational complexity instead of O(L³) by traditional approaches. The resulting lattice sum is calculated as a Tucker or canonical representation whose directional vectors are assembled by the 1D summation of the generating vectors for the shifted reference tensor, once precomputed on large N × N × N representation grid in a 3D bounding box. The tensor numerical treatment of defects is performed in an algebraic way by simple summation of tensors in the canonical or Tucker formats. To diminish the considerable increase in the tensor rank of the resulting potential sum, the ?‐rank reduction procedure is applied based on the generalized reduced higher‐order SVD scheme. For the reduced higher‐order SVD approximation to a sum of canonical/Tucker tensors, we prove the stable error bounds in the relative norm in terms of discarded singular values of the side matrices. The required storage scales linearly in the 1D grid‐size, O(N), while the numerical cost is estimated by O(NL). The approach applies to a general class of kernel functions including those for the Newton, Slater, Yukawa, Lennard‐Jones, and dipole‐dipole interactions. Numerical tests confirm the efficiency of the presented tensor summation method; we demonstrate that a sum of millions of Newton kernels on a 3D lattice with defects/impurities can be computed in seconds in Matlab implementation. The tensor approach is advantageous in further functional calculus with the lattice potential sums represented on a 3D grid, like integration or differentiation, using tensor arithmetics of 1D complexity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel raster-scanning method to fabricate ultra-fine cross-gratings for the generation of electron beam moiré fringe patterns

The resolution of the electron beam moiré method depends on the line frequency of the grating. Recently, more and more effort has been devoted to increase the frequency, and a novel method for producing high-resolution electron beam gratings is presented in this work. Cross-gratings with a frequency up to 14,832 lines/mm (67 nm pitch) were successfully fabricated using a common scanning electron microscope without a dedicated pattern generation system. The quality of the grating was high enough to produce high-quality moiré fringe patterns. In this method, the ultra-fine cross-grating can be fabricated only through one-directional scanning on the resist, which can improve the grating quality and significantly reduces the fabrication time. The number of control parameters for grating fabrication could be reduced to two compared to the six parameters required by conventional methods, which facilitates the use of the electron beam moiré method. The frequency of the fabricated grating is linearly proportional to the exposure magnification. Thus, the frequency of the grating can be accurately predetermined, and the null field can be easily obtained in the electron beam moiré method. The quality of the fabricated gratings was illustrated by the obtained micrographs and moiré fringe patterns. The full-field local strain near an induced crack was studied to verify the application potential of this method.     

New figuring model based on surface slope profile for grazing‐incidence reflective optics

Surface slope profile is widely used in the metrology of grazing‐incidence reflective optics instead of surface height profile. Nevertheless, the theoretical and experimental model currently used in deterministic optical figuring processes is based on surface height, not on surface slope. This means that the raw slope profile data from metrology need to be converted to height profile to perform the current height‐based figuring processes. The inevitable measurement noise in the raw slope data will introduce significant cumulative error in the resultant height profiles. As a consequence, this conversion will degrade the determinism of the figuring processes, and will have an impact on the ultimate surface figuring results. To overcome this problem, an innovative figuring model is proposed, which directly uses the raw slope profile data instead of the usual height data as input for the deterministic process. In this paper, first the influence of the measurement noise on the resultant height profile is analyzed, and then a new model is presented; finally a demonstration experiment is carried out using a one‐dimensional ion beam figuring process to demonstrate the validity of our approach.     

Generating Metallic Amorphous Core–Shell Nanoparticles by a Solid‐State Amorphization Process

Metallic crystalline/amorphous core–shell nanoparticles consisting of a crystalline Pd core (c‐Pd) surrounded by an amorphous Fe₂₅Sc₇₅ shell (a‐FeSc) are prepared by inert‐gas condensation. A phase transformation of the c‐Pd by a solid‐state diffusion process resulting in an amorphous core (a‐PdSc) surrounded by an amorphous FeSc shell is observed if the core–shell structure is irradiated at ambient temperature with 300 keV electrons. The amorphization process seems to involve the diffusion of irradiation‐induced defects and is presumably driven by the large negative heat of mixing of Pd and Sc, as well as by the excess enthalpy of the interfaces between the c‐Pd regions and the surrounding a‐FeSc. The structural transformation reported here opens a new way to producing metallic amorphous core–shell nanoparticles of different chemical compositions and probably novel properties.     

时滞速度反馈作用下弹性梁的主共振分析

采用时滞速度反馈控制策略对轴力作用下的弹性梁进行振动控制.根据Newton第二定律建立压电耦合弹性梁的非线性振动控制模型,运用直接法得到时滞反馈作用下弹性梁主共振的一阶近似解,得出系统响应与控制参数的关系.结果表明,主共振的响应存在多解和跳跃现象,调节控制增益和时滞值可以有效抑制大幅振动.     

JRQ and JPA irradiated and annealed reactor pressure vessel steels studied by positron annihilation

The paper is focused on a comprehensive study of JRQ and JPA reactor pressure vessel steels from the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) point of view. Based on our more than 20 years’ experience with characterization of irradiated reactor steels, we confirmed that defects after irradiation start to grow and/or merge into bigger clusters. Experimental results shown that JPA steel is more sensitive to the creation of irradiation-induced defects than JRQ steel. It is most probably due to high copper content (0.29?wt.% in JPA) and copper precipitation has a major impact on neutron-induced defect creation at the beginning of the irradiation. Based on current PALS results, no large vacancy clusters were formed during irradiation, which could cause dangerous embrittlement concerning operation safety of nuclear power plant. The combined PALS, small angle neutron scattering and atomic probe tomography studies support the model for JRQ and JPA steels describing the structure of irradiation-induced clusters as agglomerations of vacancy clusters (consisting of 2–6 vacancies each) and are separated from each other by a distribution of atoms.     

偏振分光光学天线前向散射杂光仿真测试与抑制

利用口径150mm、视场±0.17°、接收波长974nm的光学天线望远系统原理样机,搭建了试验装置并进行了实测,测量结果显示光学天线在0.35°附近及1°附近出现了两个原路回波杂光峰值.通过对两个杂光峰值的仿真分析,提出了在主镜内部增加二次斜光阑及临时挡光环的措施,消除望远系统前向散射杂光.通过分析主次镜焦距分配对光学天线望远系统杂光的影响,指出在设计中缩小主镜焦距可降低系统原路回波杂光,这对光学天线消回波杂光设计具有指导意义.     

部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏

研究了部分相干高斯谢尔光束在大气湍流中的到达角起伏.主要采用湍流内外尺度的修正Von Karmon谱模型及广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理和交叉谱密度函数推导出了部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏表达式.对比分析了湍流内外尺度、湍流强度、传输距离、源相干参数以及波长等参数对部分相干光在大气湍流水平路径上传输时的到达角起伏的影响.结果表明:随着传输距离的增加,到达角起伏越来越小;随着大气湍流内外尺度和源相干参数的增加,到达角起伏也越来越大;与部分相干光相比,完全相干光的到达角起伏受湍流影响很小;随着波长和湍流强度的减小,到达角起伏越来越小.